When Reviewing Concepts of Health the Nurse Recalls That Components of Holistic Health Include
J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2018; 11: 6.
Published online 2018 May 22.
The main nursing metaparadigm concepts in homo caring theory and Persian mysticism: a comparative study
Lida Nikfarid
1 Banana Professor, Schoolhouse of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Nasrollah Hekmat
2 Professor, Section of Philosophy, School of Literature and Human Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
Arash Vedad
3 BSc Candidate in Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Anahita Rajabi
3 BSc Candidate in Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Received 2017 Dec 23; Accustomed 2018 Apr 15.
Abstract
Metaparadigm concepts comprise the central issues in a discipline. Fawcett has named person, health, environment and nursing as the four main concepts of nursing that demand to be comprehensively defined. The Human Caring Theory is significant because of its focus on the spiritual dimension of human beings. The aim of this study was to insufficiently explain 3 of the primary metaparadigm concepts of nursing in the Human Caring Theory and Persian mysticism, and detect the similarities and differences that can assist develop the theory and its application in societies with a theistic point of view. This comparative documentary study was done in 2 phases. First, a concept analysis was performed to detect the attributes, antecedents and consequences of the concepts of human being, environs and health in the 2 fields of Farsi mysticism and Jean Watson'due south Human Caring Theory. And then they were plain and deductively compared with each other. In spite of some similarities between the ii perspectives, Persian mysticism was found to provide more than comprehensive conceptualizations of the 3 main concepts of nursing.
Central Words: Mysticism, Nursing theory, Human caring theory
Introduction
Based on the literature, afterwards experiencing the worldviews of theism and naturalism, modern nursing has adopted a kind of postmodern worldview: a pantheistic monism (one). In new nursing theories terms such as soul, free energy, source and divine have been used in the three perspectives mentioned higher up, though with different meanings in each ane (2). In the latter, they have constitute a more personal ontological place, which is related to creating one's own reality (3). Most recent theories of nursing are affected by the philosophical ideas of existentialism and humanism, and Far E philosophies such as Taoism, Buddhism and Hinduism (1, 4), which are properly matched to the secular modern ideology of the West. As a issue of the attempts to detect a unique and distinct identity betwixt other medical disciplines, the definitions of the main nursing concepts in these theories are holistic, subjective and transcendence-based (5). Jean Watson is a theorist in nursing who has persistently disseminated her "Theory of Human Caring" past publishing many articles and books, and providing lectures in professional seminars (6). She critiques the current trend of giving more than attending to the expansion of solid and authentic noesis in nursing through developing more specific theories. She cautions against the take chances of ignoring the development of a theoretical basis for the main concepts in nursing, such as caring, which are needed for the humanistic face of the discipline (seven). The Human Caring Theory has received attending considering of the importance it places on the concept of caring as the essence of nursing (eight). This theory has been adult over the past xxx years and is greatly influenced by theories of consciousness, existentialism, cognition sciences, quantum physics, interpersonal psychology, Taoism and feminism (nine). The Human being Caring Theory gives much importance to the spiritual, rather than the concrete, dimension of man beings, and emphasizes the cocky-transcendence and self-actualization of the nurse in caring experiences. This is what makes this theory different from others that focus only on patients and do not find spirituality as the preferable aspect (6, 9). In spite of the theorist's attempts to provide a comprehensive worldview for nurse-patient encounters, there are some critiques on its theoretical philosophy and the definitions for its chief concepts. The definitions of the concepts of person, health and environment are vague since they are abstract terms derived from multiple West and Far East philosophical thoughts (iv, vi). Some concepts that are used in the definition of health and need to be briefly explained include: self-healing, harmony of mind, torso and soul, and conciseness-transcendence (10). The concept of environment is divers every bit the internal and external factors effecting a person (8), which creates the need to respond questions about the being of the world without considering the homo factor. The indirect effects of global issues such every bit ethnic wars, terrorism and the ecological problems on every human existence living in the earth are ignored in this subject-based point of view. Afflicted by the thoughts of existentialism and humanism, the concepts of human existence, nature, transcendence and even that energy-giving source (whether it is referred to equally God, the divine power, or a similar championship) are defined based on human being-centrality. An evaluation of the current worldviews shows the need to seek another perspective on nursing, which may still be unknown in nursing literature. One possible perspective that has not been explored in nursing literature may be Western farsi mysticism.
Mysticism is to reach the truth through intuition, revelation and alliance, which is an old creed in many cultures and nations (11). Despite some differences in the forms and manners, all types of mysticism have common points (12). According to Henry Corbin, an Islamist researcher (1978 - 1903), the non-secular Persian mysticism has a rich and comprehensive theoretical basis that is notable in the modern globe (thirteen). Alive, dynamic, and tremendously afflicted past Islam, Persian mysticism covers a range of worldwide themes and has the potential to be matched with many human science theories (14). Most nursing theories infringe their theoretical ground from other disciplines, and many nursing concepts are well conceptualized in Persian mysticism. To see the nursing concepts from a angelic mystical perspective is a new approach that can be used for the development of nursing grand theories. Whatsoever new arroyo in nursing should provide clear and precise definitions for the four nursing concepts of person (human being), environment, health and nursing. Jean Watson'south theory has a mystical nature; moreover, it is important to encounter things in the light of a recent and oftentimes studied theory. The aim of this written report was to comparatively explain the concepts of person, health and environment in the Human Caring Theory and Persian mysticism.
Methods
In this comparative documentary analysis inquiry, get-go we used the concept analysis method introduced by Walker and Avant (15) to identify, analyze and notice definitions for three of the primary concepts of nursing, that is, person, surroundings and health, in texts related to Western farsi mysticism and the Homo Caring Theory. The Walker and Avant method consists of viii steps (Box 1), and was chosen as it is widely used and was highly related to the aim of the study.
Box 1
Walker and Avant's (2005) steps of concept analysis
| Steps | Actions |
|---|---|
| 1 | Select a concept |
| ii | Decide the purpose of the assay |
| 3 | Identify all uses of the concept |
| 4 | Determine the defining attributes |
| 5 | Construct a model example |
| 6 | Identify antecedents |
| 7 | Identify consequences |
| eight | Define empirical referents |
The steps in the nowadays study were: 1) determining the purpose of analysis, 2) finding all definitions and uses of the concepts, iii) identifying the characteristics or attributes, and 4) determining antecedents and consequences. For this aim, we searched related keywords in multiple steps in electronic databases such as Google, Google Scholar, Noor, SID, Magiran and PubMed, guided past experts in Persian mysticism. At the kickoff, the first author read ii textbooks and 3 articles on the history of Farsi mysticism to accomplish a general understanding of the subject area. Next, papers on the works of Mulla Sadra, Avicenna, Suhrawardi, Attar and Rumi were examined due to the consensus of experts on their comprehensiveness and admissibility in explaining metaphysical concepts in a logical manner. At the concept assay stage, 12 books, 48 articles and four theses were selected based on the creditability of the authors and journals. Qualitative content assay was used to determine the attributes, antecedents and consequences of the concepts. Adept debriefing, long term involvement of the researcher with the subject, and concise reporting of the procedure of the report were used to increment the trustworthiness of the findings. Considering the aim of the report, we needed to observe the similarities and differences between the attributes of the three concepts and provide a thick description for the philosophical foundations, and so nosotros did not construct any instance models.
In the second part of the study, we used a recommended method of comparison for religious and spiritual studies by Gharamaleki (16), and proceeded with the steps below:
-
Argument of the problem: This role focused on the question "What differences and similarities exist between the perspectives of Persian mysticism and the Human Caring Theory regarding the primary concepts of nursing: person, health and environment?"
-
Limiting the scope of the comparison: In the present study, the ontological outlooks on the main concepts were explored in the 2 fields. Additionally, the attributes, antecedents and consequences driven for each of the concepts in the first office of the written report were compared in both fields.
-
Providing a hypothesis: At this stage we formulated the hypothesis that "the theoretical foundations for the chief concepts of nursing in the ii fields of the Human Caring Theory and Western farsi mysticism accept a lot in mutual, although the former could be more meaningful if explained from the non-secular perspective of Western farsi mysticism.
-
List differences and similarities: Here we found the differences and similarities between the concepts in both fields based on their obvious characteristics and what could be perceived thorough comparing appearances (Tables i - three).
Table 1
Comparing betwixt the concept of "person" in Persian mysticism and Homo Caring Theory
Homo Caring Theory Farsi Mysticism Antecedents - Creation of the globe and humans as a result of
the dear of the divine essence emergingAttributes A human being:
- has dimensions of mind- body-
Soul
- is an being on its fashion to
becoming
- is an embodied soul
- deserves respect and is valuable
- has authorisation to cull
- can actualize his or her
potentialsA human:
- has dimensions of body-soul
- is an existence on its way to becoming
- is an embodied soul
- deserves respect and is valuable
- has authority to choose
- can actualize his or her potentials, which are the
divine attributes
- has an existential gradation
- has sure faculties in each grade of existence
- may evolve to the upper steps of gradation or nonConsequences - Love of the divine essence is the motivation to
transcendenceTabular array 2
Comparison between the concept of "environment" in Persian mysticism and Human being Caring Theory
Human Caring Theory Persian Mysticism Antecedents - The Ten Caritas Processes
tin can be used to provide a
healing surroundings- Creation of the world and the human being was the
outcome of the love of the divine essence- Creation has gradations that end in the natural earth
(the environs of humans)Attributes - In that location are internal and
external factors
surrounding human being beings
There are factors that
affect self-healing
The human conscience tin can
be continued to through
caring experiences- There are forces to assist or inhibit the evolution of a
Person
- Pantheistic monism may be seen between creatures (as
the unified essence and plural manifestations)
- There is an agile intelligence that tin can exist connected to
fractional human intelligence
- Creatures and meanings are diverse types of the divine
essence attributesConsequences - Tin be positive or
negative for the harmony
of mind-torso-soul- Creatures are interrelated for each other'south evolution
- The formularized regulation governs the world
Addressing real positions of differences and similarities: To do this, we used a systematic reasoning approach to provide a deep, meaningful explanation for the results. Because the historical, theoretical and philosophical contexts and frameworks of each of the fields, we used a deductive approach to respond the key question posed in this report.
5. Explanation of the existent positions of differences and similarities: Based on the ontological outlook derived from the literature and the experts' standpoints, an explanation was provided for the results of the comparison between the concepts in each of the fields.
Results
In this section, the metaparadigms of nursing will be compared in the two fields of Man Caring Theory and Persian mysticism. The aim is to present a cursory caption for each metaparadigm in the two fields, and so proceed to provide a comparison.
i) Person / Man
A) The Human Caring Theory:
According to Watson, a person has 3 dimensions of listen, body and soul, and is in fact an embodied soul on its manner to condign (17). Therefore, the spiritual dimension of a person has a higher value in the Human being Caring Theory. A person is a being whose wholeness is valuable and deserves respect, assistance and care (4). From this perspective, soul is the higher sense of cocky and is like to the psychological concept of cocky-actualization. Here, Watson's existentialistic/humanistic ontological indicate of view shifts to a mystical one as she points out that a person tin can aggrandize his or her inner healing power and reach an intuited mystic and even miracle-like feel through caring moments (four, xviii).
B) Persian mysticism:
According to Persian mysticism, the world of cosmos began with the beloved of the divine essence (God) and emerged from ii of His attributes: beauty and majesty. In Persian mysticism, a human being is a two-dimensional beingness consisting of body and soul who is higher than all other creatures, being the only one who bears all the divine attributes and knowledge of the divine essence (God) equally inherent potentials (19). The torso is the lower dimension of the human existence: it has needs to serve, but will aid the soul on the fashion to transcendence and appearing, that is, the emergence of the attributes of the divine essence through acts and thoughts (20). The human being is the only creature blest with free will, empowered by intelligence and the faculty of voice communication. In improver, there is a gradation in existence with the sequence of solid-establish-brute-human, where each animal has the faculties to evolve and rise to the adjacent grade (Figure one).
the diagram of gradations of the world of cosmos, and the way a spirit of a human being from and to its origin (the first emanation) (effigy is drawn by authors)
The ultimate perfection of a man existence is to actualize the potentials of his or her form (21). Humans can cull to arise through their existential gradation toward being perfect man beings and gain more divine attributes, or stay in the lower grades and show attributes of those who are non evolved, for example violence confronting others (an farthermost manifestation of wrath, which belongs in the animal course of humanity) (nineteen). Intrinsic divine attributes such as mercy and grace inspire a kind of love for perfection in a man, and are nurtured through everyday life practices such equally caring, which can lead to self-appearing and self-healing (21).
Rumi says:
"One-half fabricated of h2o and clay
Half soul and half solar ray
One-half on the shallow beaches lay
Half from the oyster'southward pearly play" (22).
C) Comparing the concept of person in the 2 fields ( Table 1):
Watson's perception of the homo beingness every bit an embodied soul, whose spiritual dimension is more significant, is close to the standpoint of Persian mysticism. Still, the philosophical foundation of her theory is derived from an existentialistic/humanistic phenomenology, which is the eye of everything in human beings (4). In this theory, the growth of a person and the actualization of his or her potentials are mentioned, but these potentials need to be well defined. From the celestial standpoint of Persian mysticism, affected by religious thoughts, God is the eye of everything and the development of homo beings is measured based on the extent of actualization of their divine attributes, which are their inherent potentials. A person is valuable in the Human Caring Theory, but the reason for this value is unclear. Additionally, it is non understandable why a person should be respected and valued when his or her acts are far from what is chosen humanity. In Western farsi mysticism, the faculties of each grade of humanity act for the maturity of that course: from the time one is similar a institute in the embryonic stage, or an creature earlier gaining the whole power of reasoning at the age of adolescence, until they gradually movement far from their physical dimension to exit it at the historic period of seniority. Watson propounds the high value and spirituality of human being beings (23), which is compatible with Islamic Persian mysticism. In Persian mystical thought, man beings are referred to as "Caliphs of Allah" (24), since they bear all the divine attributes as potentials. These attributes comport divine names, are the whole noesis of the truth, and tin can sally through willingly called, everyday man acts. According to Watson, there are possibilities to grow and excel. Nevertheless, from such a standpoint, the man should be seen every bit a bi-dimensional beingness that can move forrard and astern in gradation, since an endless movement toward an unknown ultimate goal, similar what is drawn in existential-based philosophies, does not make sense. In the Homo Caring Theory, a source or God is inevitable, and is the empowering agent for homo beings. Information technology is introduced as a kind of metaphysical connection that can happen to a person. Thus, a mystical clarification of the human being existence can support nursing theories such as the Human Caring Theory.
2) Surround
A) The Human Caring Theory:
In Watson's Theory, at that place is corking accent on a caring and healing environment, which can be provided by a nurse according to the existing literature. The internal and external factors that can help a person actualize his or her inner power of self-healing are called the environment. A nurse is considered an external factor that can offering aid and care to a person through the Ten Caritas Processes including love, empathy, trust and teaching/learning experiences. Thus, a unity of the nurse and that person and cocky-transcendence of both will happen in such enchanted moments. It is notable that Watson merely describes a caring environment and how it is provided by a nurse, and does not elaborate on the surroundings of a person in general in her theory.
B) Persian mysticism:
From the perspective of Persian mysticism, the world and everything around a person are manifestations of God. The ultimate goal of creation is the emergence of divine attributes in humans through perfection of each level of their existential gradation, and then the external and internal factors tin can be either inhibitors or facilitators in the process. In the natural world where physical, social and ethical issues are governed by formalized rules, people need to be in harmony with the ultimate goal of creation, or suffer. According to Persian mysticism, there is gradation for the worlds of existence as well, which are in agreement with the various levels of human perception (Figure 2).
Diagram illustrating the bi-dimensional humankind, the substantial gradation and faculties of each grade in the world of matter, according to Farsi mysticism (effigy fatigued past the authors)
C) Comparing the concept of environment in the two fields ( Table 2 ):
It seems that both perspectives are mindful of how environmental factors may bear upon the evolution of a person positively or negatively. It is understandable that a nursing theory should learn a practical point of view, but because the complicated and challenging modern societies, there is need for a more holistic worldview. From a mystical perspective, the surroundings is more than just what surrounds u.s.. In fact, homo is living alongside an enormous set of material and nonmaterial creatures, is whole just has a unified essence, is one of the manifestations of God, and is moving toward a adamant aim. Human beings are the simply creatures who are free to choose the fashion to perfection or stay abroad from information technology. Human beings and all other creatures make a unit where all are interrelated to i another, although they may belong to different grades of being, and the acts of everyone touch this unified whole, themselves and others.
3) Wellness
A) The Man Caring Theory:
Watson defines wellness equally harmony of the body, mind and soul; equally a high level of concrete, mental and social operation; and absence of or an attempt to eliminate diseases (9). Healing means regaining wholeness, which is a new, different and better state than the ane in which the patient was previously. Information technology is moving toward transcendence, besides equally physical, mental and spiritual wellness. Healing is defined equally finding a new meaning for the disease and the recent status (25). Identifying healing as a spiritual function, Watson believes in man beings' potential metaphysical ability to self-heal and achieve supreme consciousness (26). She as well supports a unique way of making meanings for affliction/wellness experiences by each person, and the possibility of perceiving these meanings during the moments of care by the nurse (27, 28).
B) Persian mysticism:
Although the spiritual dimension is preferred and its perfection is the aim of the cosmos of human being beings, spirit is bars by the physical dimension in cloth life. Equally the spirit does non belong to this construction and is a divine essence, living in the natural world and enduring its attributes crusade pain and suffering. Over the centuries human beings accept unsuccessfully tried to conquer everything that made them endure. Furthermore, if the soul begins to move abroad from its earthly dimension, it tin observe a fashion to join the divine spirit and achieve peace or what is considered a healthy state in mysticism. Therefore, homo beings choose to move downward or upward in this continuum of soul-body dimensions. The farther one moves from the end pertaining to the soul, the more suffering one will feel.
C) Comparison the concept of health in the ii fields ( Table iii ):
Tabular array three
Comparison between the concept of "health" in Persian mysticism and Human Caring Theory
| Man Caring Theory | Persian Mysticism | |
|---|---|---|
| Antecedents | - The Caritas Processes | - Disease and suffering may exist regarded as opportunities to develop the spiritual dimension (or not) |
| Attributes | - The harmony of mind-trunk-soul - A college level of psycho-concrete and social function, liberty from whatsoever form of disease, or an try to be from disease - The metaphysical potential for self- healing | - The harmony of soul and body to assist ane move upward in the spiritual dimension - To evolve through existential gradation - To know and move in step with the ethical, physical and social rules of the materialistic world |
| Consequences | - To self-heal through disease and suffering (or non) | - The ability to move to the upper form (or not) - Emergence of attributes of the divine essence or exhibiting attributes pertaining to the lower grades |
Watson sees health from a phenomenological perspective, in terms of what information technology means to people in their illness-wellness experiences, and a land that should exist improved in caring moments. Like other cognitivists, she believes the homo beingness is an beingness that gives meaning to concepts and entities, and one that needs to ascension to perfection through life events. During caring moments, the Caritas Processes help nurses improve the mentality of patients toward their affliction. Although according to Watson a caring moment can lead to a spiritual/mystical experience for both the care-giver and the care-provider, the philosophical stances practise not requite any boosted data about it. Wellness is a spiritual concept in the Persian mystical perspective also. It is regarded as an intuitive movement toward perfection, i.e., the emergence of divine attributes, in spite of limitations that are of a sensual nature. Thus, health is possible to achieve even in the presence of disease, and may even be considered as an opportunity for spiritual growth (29).
"Hafiz do not mutter
For matrimony try
Put up with the pain
Whenever it comes by" (30).
Withal, both of these perspectives are similar in terms of addressing the spiritual dimension and potential of individuals for healing by the use of their metaphysical power. Ane approach to treating many concrete and psychological problems in modernistic psychology is irresolute perceptions. While this viewpoint does not specify what humans should think about incurable diseases and pains in order to reach a state of transcendence and well-existence, in Persian mysticism it is recommended to view them every bit the mercy of God, as a manner to begin to movement toward spirituality and feel closer to God (which Watson calls the source). Watson interestingly applies a mystical meaning to the spiritual linkage of two persons (a nurse and a patient) engaging in a caring experience. In an Islamic mystical context, this experience serves to help both oneself and other people learn more divine attributes. Healing happens when a new meaning of life and its events are gained through interpreting pain as an opportunity for growth and getting closer to the spiritual dimension. While one of the critiques of the Homo Caring Theory is that information technology cannot explain the relationship betwixt the physical and spiritual aspects of human nature, Farsi mysticism has rich theoretical bases that can help translate the role of the physical dimension. Persian mysticism considers the human being as a gradational existence with sure faculties for each grade, and proposes to continue equilibrium in the function of each kinesthesia to proceeds more than health. For case when a person in the constitute course has bug in the faculty of nourishment, this can lead to health issues like obesity.
Decision
Nursing is a caring profession, and since care is defined equally the process of helping others grow, it is necessary to provide a theoretical ground that tin demonstrate how to help all the bio-, psycho-, socio- and spiritual potentials of a human being grow. As a preliminary phase to find a more than comprehensive theory for nursing, we compared one of the electric current theories with a theistic point of view. Our findings showed some mutual points betwixt definitions for the main concepts of nursing in the Human Caring Theory and Persian mysticism, even though the former has a human-centered construction, and the latter a God-centered 1. Through this comparison, i tin find the master similarities and differences betwixt the 2 perspectives toward the main central concepts of nursing. Nursing has begun to experience conceptualization in a mode equally to examine concepts from a metaphysical perspective. The lack of empirical back up is a limitation, but it seems that for a holistic standpoint it is impossible to gear up bated the person-centered lens.
Acknowledgements
The nowadays studyfunded by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (66001044-95/vii/24).
Conflict of interests
All authors declare that they take no significant competing financial, professional, or personal interests that might have influenced the functioning or presentation of the work described in the manuscript.
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Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6150916/
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